The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is a well-characterized protein degradation system in cells whose dysfunction is implicated in many diseases, including neurodegeneration and cancer1,2. Major UPS components are ubiquitin (Ub), Ub ligases, Ub hydrolases (deubiquitinases [DUBs]), and the proteasome.
The term Autophagy was introduced by Christian de Duve during the Ciba Foundation Symposium on Lysosomes – which was held in London in February 1963. In 1974 he was honoured with the Nobel price in Physiology or Medicine for his pioneering research about peroxisomes and lysosomes. In 2016, once more, a pioneer in the field of autophagy research won the Nobel price: Yoshinori Ohsumi, a Japanese researcher, whose findings “led to a new paradigm in our understanding of how the cell recycles its content”.
Fig 1: The process of autophagy
Autophagy (Autophagocytosis) describes the fundamental catabolic mechanism during which cells degrade dysfunctional and unnecessary cellular components. This process is driven by the action of lysosomes and promotes survival during starvation periods as the cellular energy level can thus be maintained.
Detecting ubiquitylation
Ubitest Flow chart – LifeSensors at tebu-bio.com
Determining the linkage of polyubiquitin on target proteins is challenging. The traditional methods are either through Mass Spectrometry or immunoblot with linkage specific antibodies, which are cumbersome. LifeSensors has developed the UbiTest assay, a more definitive method for demonstrating the ubiquitylation linkage of a protein, which is to couple immunoprecipitation of polyubiquitylated protein with digestion by a linkage specific deubiquitylase prior to immunoblot analysis. An increased signal for the unmodified substrate or a decreased signal of polyubiquitylated substrate at high molecular weight after K48/K63 specific DUB treatment is a clear indication that the protein was K48/K63 ubiquitylated.
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