In this post, I’d like to take a look at the current understanding of tubulin PTMs, that include tyrosination/detyrosination, Δ2-tubulin formation, acetylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination, glutamylation, and glycylation. This is inspired by contribution provided by Cytoskeleton Inc., who are experts in this domain.

Protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) are part of a complex regulatory network that controls physiological and pathological cellular processes. In this post, new user-friendly assays are introduced to help Life Scientists gain a deeper understanding of these mechanisms involved in protein biology.

The specificity of antibodies to histone modifications (or any antigen for that matter) is crucial for obtaining meaningful experimental data. Cross-reactivity to similar modifications at other residues (e.g. H3K27Me3 vs H3K9Me3) or off-target recognition of other modification isoforms (e.g. H3K27Me1 vs H3K27Me3) can seriously compromise the integrity of any study using these types of reagents.

Knowing the Human genome better has allowed major advancements in Personalised Medicine. Nowadays, we can know (if we want) the likelihood to develop a given disease and/or how we will react to different pharmacological treatments. Examples of this include diseases like breast cancer (for diagnosis or estimation of likelihood) and lung cancer (for response to treatment), to name just a few.

That said, our genotype does not have the last word. Research in the last couple of decades has shown the power of other regulatory mechanisms, that may enhance or diminish the effect that our genotype will have on our health. Starting from basic healthy life styles, to other more subtle mechanisms, our genotype defines us, but not completely. Above genetics, we have epigenetics… and everything at the protein level. This post will focus on Post-Translational Modifications (PTM), because, after all, it’s the proteins that are the final effectors of a given response to a treatment or to an environmental stimulus.