The advantages of molecular fluorescence or luminescence for sensing physiological and neurological signals include high sensitivity (down to the single molecule), on-off switchability, feasibility of live cell communication, subnanometer spatial resolution with submicron visualization and submillisecond temporal resolution. Photoinduced electron transfer (PET) and electronic energy transfer (EET) are predominantly applied for the transduction of discrete and stoichiometric recognition events into fluorescence signals.

-Intracellular pH detection
-Calcium detection (visible light or luminescence)
-other ions detection
-Membrane protentials
-Cell viability, proliferation and toxicity



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